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Introduction Everything begins in the minds of men . This Unesco maxim leads us at once to the paramount importance of education for all peoples . The U . S . authorities recently carried out reviews of their educational system . There was concern that something was seriously amiss , in that the U . S . school system failed to perform its role adequately , and failed to respond to the emerging needs of our time . A similar concern is being felt in much of the Western world , including Israel . There is a sense that we can no longer cope , effectively , with the challenges of mass education . One agonizes over whether we are bringing up a new generation that will be able and willing to continue , and develop , that which has been created by their elders . Education of the young has been a human occupation from time immemorial . In Europe , the first schools were set up in the fifth century . Their number increased throughout the Middle Ages , the Renaissance and the Reformation . The first schools were created by the Church ; at a later stage , princes , guilds and private philanthropists were also responsible for the setting up of schools . Until the seventeenth century , their basic aim was religious and they served , in the main , the clergy and the nobility . As from the eighteenth century , the European states more and more saw as their tasks the responsibility for establishing and maintaining schools . Ideally there was to be schooling for everyone but in practice this ideal was not reached until a later time . At the
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