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Reading Made Easier : The explicit instruction of reading strategies | 36 learning" ( Oxford, 1989 : 1 ) , "special ways of processing information that enhance comprehension, learning, or retention of information" ( O'Malley Chamot, 1990 : 1 ) , " procedures that facilitate a learning task" ( Chamot, & or " activities consciously chosen by learners for the purpose , ) 112 : 2005 of regulating their own language learning" ( Griffiths, 2008 : 94 ) . 32 Reading strategies have been more specifically defined as "plans for solving problems encountered in constructing meaning" ( Duffy, 1993 : and more elaborately, and in line with interactive models of reading , ) 232 as ( and writing ) , 33 information processing procedures that operate within short - term memory . They provide the language user with the necessary instructions for manipulating and synthesizing knowledge taken from instantiated schemata ( … ) . The strategies are, in fact, reciprocal and recursive in nature . Each affects an...
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