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Prof . Niels Birbaumer , Dr . Paul Sauseng Introduction Brain-Computer Interfaces ( BCI ) or Brain-Machine Interfaces ( BMI ) use brain signals to drive an external device outside the brain without activation of motor output channels . Different types of BCIs were described during the last 10 years with an exponentially increasing number of publications devoted to Brain-Computer Interface research . Most of the literature describes mathematical algorithms capable of translating brain signals on-line and real-time into signals for an external device , mainly computers or peripheral prostheses or orthoses . Publications describing applications to human disorders are relatively sparse with very few controlled studies available on the effectiveness of BCIs in treatment and rehabilitation ( for a summary see Birbaumer & Cohen 2007 , Kübler & Birbaumer submitted ) . Historically , BCIs for human research developed mainly out of the neurofeedback literature devoted to operant conditioning and...
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