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There is almost no dispute among scholars that the activity of Hovevei Zion , the first Jewish nationalistic movement , which by a generation preceded the Zionist movement initiated by Herzl , first began in the 1880 s . But even during the movement’s first generation , as well as in later historical research , it became evident that Hovevei Zion had been preceded by “ harbingers" or “ pioneers" ( e . g . Mevasrim ) working to establish a national Jewish entity in the Land of Israel . There are even those , such as the historian Jacob Katz , who went so far as to claim that “ the pioneers initiated the national movement in a real historical sense , 1 Cf ., for instance : Shmuel Ettinger , Toledot am yisrael ba-et ha-hadashah ( The History of the Jewish People in the Modern Period , Heb ., Jerusalem : Dvir , 1969 ) , pp . 177-183 ; David Vital , Ha-mahapechah ha-tziyonit I ( The Zionist Revolution I , Heb ., Tel Aviv : Am oved , 1978 ); Yossi Goldstein , Ben tziyon le-tziyonut I ( Betwe...
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